I-TPA3116D2DADR entsha kunye neyoqobo yesekethe edibeneyo ye-IC Chips amacandelo e-elektroniki

Ngeentsuku zokuqala ze-chip semiconductor, i-silicon yayingeyena umlingisi oyintloko, i-germanium yayi.I-transistor yokuqala yayiyi-germanium-based transistor kwaye i-chip yokuqala edibeneyo yesekethe yayiyi-germanium chip.
I-transistor yokuqala yasungulwa nguBardeen kunye noBratton, abaqulunqa i-bipolar transistor (BJT).I-diode yokuqala ye-P/N yokuhlangana yaqanjwa nguShockley kwaye, ngoko nangoko, olu hlobo lwesiphambuka luyilwe nguShockley lwaba sisakhiwo esisemgangathweni se-BJT kwaye sikwinkonzo namhlanje.Bobathathu nabo bawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngaloo nyaka ngowe-1956.
I-transistor inokuqondwa ngokulula njengokutshintsha okuncinci.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiipropati ze-semiconductor, i-semiconductor yohlobo lwe-N inokuqulunqwa ngokufaka i-semiconductor nge-phosphorus kunye ne-P-type semiconductor nge-boron.Ukudibanisa kwe-N-type kunye ne-P-type semiconductors yenza i-PN junction, isakhiwo esibalulekileyo kwii-chips ze-elektroniki;oku kuvumela imisebenzi ethile yokuqiqa ukuba yenziwe (efana namasango, okanye-amasango, amasango, njl.)
I-Germanium, nangona kunjalo, ineengxaki ezinzima kakhulu, ezifana neziphene ezininzi ze-interface kwi-semiconductor, ukungazinzi kakuhle kwe-thermal, kunye nokungabikho kwee-oxides ezixineneyo.Ngaphezu koko, i-germanium yinto enqabileyo, ineenxalenye ezisi-7 kuphela kwisigidi kwi-crust yomhlaba, kwaye i-germanium ores isasazeke kakhulu.Kungenxa yokuba i-germanium inqabile kakhulu kwaye ayigxininisi ukuba iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zegermanium zihlala ziphezulu;izinto ezinqabileyo, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziluhlaza zenza i-germanium transistors ingabizi, ngoko kunzima ukuvelisa i-germanium transistors kwizinga elikhulu.

Abaphandi, ke, batsibela kwinqanaba kwaye bajonga into yesilicon.Unokuthi zonke iintsilelo zegermanium zendalo ziinzuzo ze-silicon.

I-Silicon yeyona nto yesibini ininzi emva kweoksijini, kodwa ngokusisiseko awukwazi ukufumana ii-silicon monomers kwindalo;iikhompawundi zayo eziqhelekileyo ziyi-silica kunye ne-silicates.Kwezi, isilica yenye yezinto eziphambili zesanti.Ukongezelela, iikhompawundi ezifana ne-feldspar, i-granite, kunye ne-quartz zonke zisekelwe kwi-silica-oxygen compounds.

I-silicon izinzile ngokwe-thermal, ine-dense, i-dielectric ephezulu ehlala i-oxide, kwaye inokulungiswa ngokulula nge-silicon-silicon oxide interface eneziphene ezimbalwa kakhulu zobuso.

I-silicon oxide ayinyibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide iyanyibilika emanzini) kwaye ayinyibiliki kwiiasidi ezininzi, nto leyo ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nobuchule bokushicilela bomhlwa obusetyenziselwa iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo.Imveliso yale ndibaniselwano yinkqubo ethe tyaba yeesekethe ezidibeneyo eziqhubekayo nanamhla.
Iikholamu zekristale yesilicon

Uhambo lweSilicon ukuya phezulu
Iphulo elingaphumelelanga: Kuthiwa uShockley wabona ithuba elikhulu lemarike ngexesha apho kwakungekho mntu wayephumelele ukwenza i-silicon transistor;yiyo loo nto wayishiyayo iBell Labs ngo-1956 ukuze aqale eyakhe inkampani eCalifornia.Ngelishwa, uShockley wayengengosomashishini ulungileyo kwaye ulawulo lweshishini lakhe yayilinyathelo lobudenge xa ​​lithelekiswa nezakhono zakhe zemfundo.Ngoko ke uShockley akazange azalisekise umnqweno wokutshintsha i-germanium ngesilicon, kwaye inqanaba lobomi bakhe bonke yayiyipodium kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford.Kunyaka emva kokusekwa kwayo, abafana abasibhozo abanetalente awayebaqeshile baphuma kuye bebonke, kwaye “yayingabangcatshi abasibhozo” ababeza kugqiba umnqweno wokutshintsha igermanium ngesilicon.

Ukunyuka kwe-silicon transistor

Phambi kokuba i-Eight Renegades iseke i-Fairchild Semiconductor, i-germanium transistors yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yentengiso yee-transistors, phantse i-30 yezigidi ze-transistors ezenziwe e-United States ngo-1957, isigidi esinye kuphela se-silicon transistors kunye ne-29 yezigidi ze-germanium transistors.Ngesabelo semarike ye-20%, i-Texas Instruments yaba yingxilimbela kwimarike ye-transistor.
AbaPhuhlisi abasibhozo kunye neFairchild Semiconductor

Abona bathengi bakhulu kwimarike, urhulumente wase-US kunye nomkhosi, bafuna ukusebenzisa iitshiphusi ngamanani amakhulu kwiirokethi kunye nemijukujelwa, ukwandisa umthwalo obalulekileyo wokuphehlelelwa kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kwezikhululo zolawulo.Kodwa ii-transistors ziya kujongana neemeko zokusebenza ezinzima ezibangelwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokungcangcazela okunobundlobongela.

I-Germanium yeyokuqala ukulahlekelwa xa kuziwa kwiqondo lokushisa: i-germanium transistors inokumelana namaqondo okushisa angama-80 ° C kuphela, ngelixa iimfuno zomkhosi zisebenza ngokuzinzileyo nakwi-200 ° C.Kuphela i-silicon transistors inokumelana nobu bushushu.
I-silicon transistor yendabuko

I-Fairchild yaqulunqa inkqubo yokwenza ii-silicon transistors, izenza zibe lula kwaye zisebenze njengeencwadi eziprintiweyo kwaye zingabizi kakhulu kune-germanium transistors ngokwexabiso.Inkqubo kaFairchild yokwenza isilicon transistors irhabaxa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

Okokuqala, uyilo luzotywa ngesandla, ngamanye amaxesha lukhulu kangangokuba luthatha udonga, emva koko umzobo ufotwe kwaye uncitshiswe ube licwecwe elikhanyayo, elihlala linemizila emibini yamaphepha amathathu, ngalinye limele umaleko wokujikeleza.

Okwesibini, umaleko wezinto ezibuthathaka zokukhanya zisetyenziswa kwisiqwenga se-silicon esisikiweyo nesicolisiweyo, kwaye i-UV / i-laser isetyenziselwa ukukhusela ipateni yesekethe ukusuka kwiphepha le-transillumination ukuya kwi-silicon wafer.

Okwesithathu, iindawo kunye nemigca kwindawo emnyama ye-transillumination sheet ishiya iipateni ezingabonakaliyo kwi-silicon wafer;ezi patheni ezingabonakaliyo zicocwa ngesisombululo se-asidi, kwaye mhlawumbi ukungcola kwe-semiconductor yongezwa (ubuchule bokusabalalisa) okanye ii-conductor zetsimbi zifakwe.

Okwesine, ukuphinda amanyathelo amathathu angentla kwi-wafer nganye eguquguqukayo, inani elikhulu le-transistors linokufumaneka kwii-silicone wafers, ezisikwa ngabasebenzi basetyhini phantsi kwe-microscope kwaye emva koko badityaniswe kwiingcingo, emva koko zipakishwe, zivavanywe, kwaye zithengiswe.

Ngee-silicon transistors ezifumaneka ngobuninzi, abavukeli abasibhozo base-Fairchild babephakathi kweenkampani ezinokuma ecaleni kwezigebenga ezinjenge-Texas Instruments.

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - Intel
Yayiyimveliso elandelayo yesekethe edibeneyo eshwankathela ukongamela kwegermanium.Ngelo xesha, kwakukho imigca emibini yetekhnoloji, enye yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kwiitshiphusi zegermanium ezivela kwi-Texas Instruments kunye nenye yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kwii-silicon chips ezivela e-Fairchild.Ekuqaleni, ezi nkampani zimbini zinengxabano ekrakra malunga nobunini belungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo, kodwa kamva i-Ofisi yePatent yaqaphela ubunini belungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo yinkampani zombini.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko inkqubo kaFairchild yayihambele phambili kakhulu, yaba ngumgangatho weesekethe ezidibeneyo kwaye iyaqhubeka kusetyenziswa namhlanje.Kamva, uNoyce, umqambi wesekethe edibeneyo, kunye noMoore, umqambi woMthetho kaMoore, washiya uCentron Semiconductor, owathi, ngengozi, bobabini babengamalungu "Abangcatshi abaSibhozo".Bekunye noGrove, badale eyona nkampani inkulu ngoku ye-semiconductor chip, i-Intel.
Abaseki abathathu be-Intel, ukusuka ekhohlo: Grove, Noyce, kunye noMoore

Kuphuhliso olulandelayo, i-Intel yatyhala i-silicon chips.Ibethe iingxilimbela ezifana neTexas Instruments, iMotorola, kunye ne-IBM ukuba ibe ngukumkani wogcino lwesemiconductor kunye necandelo leCPU.

Njengoko i-Intel yaba ngumdlali obalaseleyo kushishino, i-silicon nayo yaphela i-germanium, kwaye into eyayikhe yabizwa ngokuba yiSanta Clara Valley yabizwa ngokuba yi "Silicon Valley".Ukusukela ngoko, iitshiphusi zesilicon ziye zalingana neesemiconductor chips kwimbono yoluntu.

I-Germanium, nangona kunjalo, ineengxaki ezinzima kakhulu ukuzisombulula, ezifana neziphene ezininzi ze-semiconductors, ukuzinza okungahambi kakuhle kwe-thermal, kunye nokungabikho kwee-oxides ezixineneyo.Ngaphezu koko, i-germanium yinto enqabileyo, ineenxalenye ezisi-7 kuphela kwisigidi kwi-crust yomhlaba, kwaye i-germanium ores isasazeke kakhulu.Kungenxa yokuba i-germanium inqabile kakhulu kwaye ayigxininisi ukuba iindleko zezinto eziluhlaza zegermanium zihlala ziphezulu;izinto ezinqabileyo, kwaye ixabiso eliphezulu lezinto eziluhlaza zenza i-germanium transistors ingabizi, ngoko kunzima ukuvelisa i-germanium transistors kwizinga elikhulu.

Abaphandi, ke, batsibela kwinqanaba kwaye bajonga into yesilicon.Unokuthi bonke ubuthathaka bendalo begermanium ngamandla endalo e-silicon.

I-Silicon yeyona nto yesibini ininzi emva kweoksijini, kodwa ngokusisiseko awukwazi ukufumana ii-silicon monomers kwindalo;iikhompawundi zayo eziqhelekileyo ziyi-silica kunye ne-silicates.Kwezi, isilica yenye yezinto eziphambili zesanti.Ukongezelela, iikhompawundi ezifana ne-feldspar, i-granite, kunye ne-quartz zonke zisekelwe kwi-silica-oxygen compounds.

I-silicon izinzile ngokwe-thermal, ine-dense, i-dielectric ephezulu ehlala i-oxide, kwaye inokulungiswa ngokulula nge-silicon-silicon oxide interface eneziphene ezimbalwa kakhulu zobuso.

I-silicon oxide ayinyibiliki emanzini (i-germanium oxide iyanyibilika emanzini) kwaye ayinyibiliki kwiiasidi ezininzi, nto leyo ihambelana ngokugqibeleleyo nobuchule bokushicilela bomhlwa obusetyenziselwa iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo.Imveliso yale ndibaniselwano yinkqubo yeplani yesekethe edibeneyo eqhubekayo nanamhla.