Iimpawu zeMveliso

Ingxelo ngempazamo yoLwazi lweMveliso

Jonga okufanayo

Amaxwebhu & nemidiya

Ulwahlulo lokusiNgqongileyo nokuThunyela ngaphandle

isekethe edibeneyo (IC), ebizwa ngokuba yi-microelectronic circuit, microchip, okanye chip, indibano yeelektronikiizixhobo, ezenziwe njengeyunithi enye, apho izixhobo ezisebenzayo ezincinci (umz.,iitransistorkwayeiidiode) kunye nezixhobo zokwenziwa (umz.,ii-capacitorskwayeresistors) kunye noqhagamshelo lwabo lwakhiwe kwi-substrate encinci yeisemiconductorizinto eziphathekayo (ngokuqhelekileyoisilicon).Isiphumoisiphalukaincinci ngolo hloboi-monolithic“itshiphu,” esenokuba ncinane kangangeesentimitha ezimbalwa okanye iimilimitha ezimbalwa kuphela.Amacandelo esekethe eyedwa aqhelekile ukuba yi-microscopic ngobukhulu.

Idityanisiweiisekethe zinemvelaphi yazo ekuyilweni kwetransistorngo 1947 ngoUWilliam B. Shockleykunye neqela lakhe kwiIiNkampani zeeFowuni zaseMelika kunye neTelegraph IiLebhu zeBell.Iqela likaShockley (kubandakanywaUJohn BardeenkwayeWalter H. Brattain) wafumanisa ukuba, phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo,ii-electronkuya kwenza umqobo kumphezulu othileiikristale, kwaye bafunda ukulawula ukuhamba kweumbanengeikristalengokusebenzisa lo mqobo.Ukulawula ukuhamba kwe-electron ngekristale kwavumela iqela ukuba lenze isixhobo esinokwenza imisebenzi ethile yombane, njengokwandisa umqondiso, okwakusenziwa ngaphambili ngamatyhubhu e-vacuum.Esi sixhobo bathiya igama elithi transistor, ngokusuka kwindibaniselwano yamagamaugqithiselokwayeisixhasi.Uphononongo lweendlela zokwenza izixhobo zombane kusetyenziswa izinto eziqinileyo zaziwa njenge-slid-stateizinto zombane.Izixhobo eziqinileyoibonakalise ukuba yomelele ngakumbi, kulula ukusebenza ngayo, ithembekile ngakumbi, incinci kakhulu, kwaye inexabiso eliphantsi kuneityhubhu zokufunxa.Besebenzisa imigaqo kunye nemathiriyeli efanayo, iinjineli zakhawuleza zafunda ukwenza ezinye iinxalenye zombane, njengezixhasi kunye neecapacitor.Ngoku ukuba izixhobo zombane zingenziwa zincinci, inxalenye enkulu yesekethe yayiyi-wiring engathandekiyo phakathi kwezixhobo.

Iintlobo ze-IC ezisisiseko

I-AnalogUkuqobisanaiisekethe zedijithali

I-Analog, okanye umgca, iisekethe zisebenzisa kuphela amalungu ambalwa kwaye ke zezinye zezona ntlobo zilula zee-ICs.Ngokuqhelekileyo, iisekethe ze-analog zixhunyiwe kwizixhobo eziqokelela iimpawu ezivela kwi-okusingqongileyookanye uthumele imiqondiso emva kokusingqongileyo.Umzekelo, aimayikrofoniiguqula izandi zelizwi eziguquguqukayo zibe ngumqondiso wombane oguquguqukayo.Isekethe ye-analog emva koko ilungisa umqondiso ngendlela ethile eluncedo-efana nokuyandisa okanye ukuyihluza ingxolo engafunekiyo.Umqondiso onjalo unokuphinda ubuyiselwe kwisandisi-lizwi, esiya kuthi sivelise iithowuni ezithathwe ngumbhobho.Olunye usetyenziso oluqhelekileyo lwesekethe ye-analog kukulawula isixhobo esithile ekuphenduleni utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwimekobume.Umzekelo, inzwa yobushushu ithumela isiginali eyohlukeneyo aithermostat, enokucwangciswa ukuba ivule okanye icime isifudumezi-moya, isifudumezi, okanye i-oveni xa umqondiso ufikelele kwindawo ethile.ixabiso.

Isekethe yedijithali, kwelinye icala, yenzelwe ukwamkela kuphela ii-voltages zamaxabiso athile anikiweyo.Isekethe esebenzisa amazwe amabini kuphela yaziwa ngokuba yi-binary circuit.Uyilo lwesekethe enezixa zokubini, "kwi" kunye "nokucima" ezimele u-1 kunye no-0 (okt, yinyani kunye nobuxoki), isebenzisa ingqiqoIalgebra yeBoolean.(I-Arithmetic nayo yenziwa kwiinkqubo yamanani yokubiniusebenzisa i-algebra ye-Boolean.) Ezi zinto zisisiseko zidityanisiwe kuyilo lwee-ICs zeekhompyuter zedijithali kunye nezixhobo ezinxulumeneyo ukwenza imisebenzi efunekayo.

Microprocessoriisekethe

Microprocessorszezona ICs zintsokothileyo.Zibunjwe ziibhiliyoni zeiitransistorezithe zamiselwa njengamawaka edijithaliiisekethe, nganye eyenza umsebenzi othile wokuqiqa.I-microprocessor yakhiwe ngokupheleleyo kwezi zijikelezo zengqiqo ezidityanisiweyo enye kwenye.IiMicroprocessors zihlala ziqulathe iiyunithi yokusebenza esembindini(CPU) yekhompyutha.

Kanye njengebhendi ejikelezayo, iisekethe zenza umsebenzi wazo wengqiqo kuphela kwicala lomphathi webhendi.I-bandmaster kwi-microprocessor, ngoko kuthetha, ibizwa ngokuba yiwotshi.Iwotshi luphawu olutshintsha ngokukhawuleza phakathi kwamazwe amabini anengqiqo.Ngalo lonke ixesha iwotshi itshintsha isimo, yonke ingqiqoisiphalukakwimicroprocessor yenza into.Ubalo lungenziwa ngokukhawuleza, kuxhomekeke kwisantya (ixesha lewotshi) ye-microprocessor.

IMicroprocessors iqulethe iisekethe ezithile, ezaziwa ngokuba ziirejista, ezigcina ulwazi.Iirejista ziindawo zememori ezimiselwe kwangaphambili.Iprosesa nganye ineentlobo ezininzi zeerejista.Iirejista ezisisigxina zisetyenziselwa ukugcina imiyalelo ecwangcisiweyo efunekayo kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo (efana nokudibanisa nokuphindaphinda).Iirejista zethutyana zigcina amanani aza kuqhutywa kuwo kunye nesiphumo.Eminye imizekelo yeerejista ibandakanya ikhawunta yeprogram (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-instruction pointer), equlethe idilesi kwinkumbulo yomyalelo olandelayo;isalathisi sesipaki (esikwabizwa ngokuba yirejista yokupakishwa), equlethe idilesi yomyalelo wokugqibela obekwe kwindawo yenkumbulo ebizwa ngokuba sisitaki;kunye nerejista yedilesi yememori, equlathe idilesi apho iidathaeza kusetyenzwa kuyo ibekwe okanye apho idatha esetyenzisiweyo iya kugcinwa khona.

I-Microprocessors inokwenza iibhiliyoni zemisebenzi ngomzuzwana kwidatha.Ukongeza kwiikhompyuter, ii-microprocessors ziqhelekileiinkqubo zomdlalo wevidiyo,oomabonakude,iikhamera, kwayeiimoto.

Inkumbuloiisekethe

IiMicroprocessors ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka zigcine idatha eninzi kunokuba ibanjwe kwiirejista ezimbalwa.Olu lwazi olongezelelweyo lufuduselwe kwiisekethe zememori ezikhethekileyo.Inkumbuloyenziwe luluhlu olushinyeneyo lweesekethe ezinxuseneyo ezisebenzisa amandla ombane azo ukugcina ulwazi.Imemori ikwagcina ulandelelwano lwexeshana lwemiyalelo, okanye inkqubo, yemicroprocessor.

Abavelisi bahlala bezama ukunciphisa ubungakanani beesekethe zeememori-ukwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokwandisa indawo.Ukongeza, izinto ezincinci zidla ngokusebenzisa amandla amancinci, zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye zibiza kancinci ukwenza.