Ubukumkani beChip, uSirayeli

Ungquzulwano lwe-Israel-Palestine luya lusiba mbi.Ukusukela nge-14 ka-Okthobha ngo-2023, uMphathiswa wezempilo wasePalestine wathi umjikelo wangoku wengxabano yase-Israel-yasePalestina ubulele abantu abayi-1,949 basePalestina kwaye benzakalise ngaphezu kwe-8,600.Imithombo yakwa-Israeli ibeke inani lokufa ngaphezulu kwe-1,300 kunye nenani labonzakeleyo ubuncinci abangama-3,484.

Impembelelo yongquzulwano isasazeke kwikhonkco lonikezelo lwetshiphu, kwaye kuxelwe ukuba imisebenzi yemveliso kunye nolungiselelo kwikhonkco lonikezelo lombane lakwaSirayeli nalo lichaphazelekile.

I-Israel, "ilizwe elincinane" elikuMbindi Mpuma wentlango, ngokwenene "bubukumkani be-chip."Kwingingqi, ziphantse zibe ngama-200 iinkampani zetshiphu, kwaye iinkampani ezinkulu zehlabathi zenza imisebenzi yophando kunye nophuhliso kwaSirayeli, kwaye kukho iifabs ezininzi kwaSirayeli.

Yintoni eyenza uSirayeli abe “bubukumkani obuncinane”?

01. USirayeli akayiyo "intsikelelo" yee-semiconductors

I-Israel, isibini kwisithathu sayo siyintlango, inabemi abangaphantsi kwe-10 lezigidi.

Ilizwe elincinane elinjalo elineemeko ezimbi lineenkampani ze-chip eziphantse zibe yi-200, ezidibanisa amaziko ophando kunye nophuhliso lwezigebenga ezifana ne-Apple, i-Samsung, i-Qualcomm, kunye nokuthembela kumashishini aphezulu ukuba abe kuphela kwelizwe eliphuhlisiwe kuMbindi Mpuma.

U-Israyeli wakwenza njani oko, kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kwishishini lakhe le-semiconductor?

Ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-3 000 eyadlulayo, umprofeti uMoses wakhokela amaYuda ephuma eYiputa esiya eKanan, phakathi koMlambo umNayile nomEfrate, awayekholelwa ukuba ‘liLizwe Ledinga’ likaThixo lobisi nobusi.

Emva kokoyiswa buBukhosi baseRoma, amaYuda aqalisa ukubhadula iminyaka engaphezu kwama-2 000.Kwaba ngowe-1948 ekwathi kwasekwa ilizwe lakwaSirayeli, ilizwe lamaYuda lamiselwa ekugqibeleni, aza amaYuda abuyela “kwiLizwe Ledinga” lawo.

Ke amaSirayeli ayengenabisi nobusi.

Lilizwe kuphela kuMbindi Mpuma ngaphandle kweoli kunye negesi, kunye nommandla weekhilomitha ze-square ze-25,700 kuphela, umhlaba ompofu, ukungabikho kwamanzi, ukungazinzi kwe-geopolitical, kunye nongquzulwano phakathi kwamazwe ajikelezileyo ase-Arab aluzange lulungiswe, kunokuthiwa. ukuba iimeko zokuzalwa zakwaSirayeli azinanzuzo.

Nangona kunjalo, i-Israel kuphela kwelizwe eliphuhlisiwe kuMbindi Mpuma, kunye ne-GDP yomntu ngamnye ye-54,710 yeedola ngo-2022, ibeka indawo ye-14 kwihlabathi.

Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwesakhiwo semizi-mveliso yakwaSirayeli, ngo-2022, ishishini lemfundo ephakamileyo lalibalelwa kwi-70% ye-GDP iyonke, apho ishishini lenkonzo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu liphezulu kakhulu kuneshishini lenkonzo yemveli.Ngokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-teknoloji ephezulu kubalwa i-54% ye-export yamaSirayeli iyonke ngo-2021, kunokuthiwa imboni ye-high-tech yintsika yoqoqosho lwase-Israel.Ishishini le-semiconductor, elibalelwa kwi-16 yeepesenti yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-teknoloji ephezulu, yindawo eqaqambileyo.

Imbali ye-semiconductor yakwaSirayeli ayikabikho ekuqaleni, kodwa ikhule ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ibe yeyona ndawo iphambili kwihlabathi ngexesha elifutshane.

Ngo-1964, umenzi wezixhobo zonxibelelwano lwaseMelika waseka iziko lokuqala lophando kunye nophuhliso lwesemiconductor kwaSirayeli, ephawula ukuqala koshishino lwesemiconductor kwaSirayeli.

Ngo-1974, inkampani yesibini ngobukhulu emhlabeni, enekomkhulu eSanta Clara, eCalifornia, yacengwa ngabasebenzi bayo base-Israel ukuba ivule iziko layo lokuqala le-R&D ngaphandle kwe-United States eHaifa, kwaSirayeli.Ukusukela ngoko, ishishini le-semiconductor lakwaSirayeli liqalile.

Kumashumi eminyaka kamva, ii-semiconductors zanamhlanje zakwa-Israel ziye zaba namandla okubalelwa.Kubemi abangaphantsi kwezigidi ezili-10, kukho iinjineli zetshiphu ezingaphezu kwama-30,000 kunye neenkampani zetshiphu eziphantse zibe ngama-200, eziqhuba ngokuthe ngqo okanye ngokungangqalanga ingqesho.

02. USirayeli bubukumkani obuqalayo bee-semiconductors, kodwa akukho nkampani zinkulu zakwaSirayeli.

I-Israel yindawo encinci yomhlaba, intlango, izibonelelo ezihlwempuzekileyo, ayilolizwe lobutyebi, ayikwazi ukuvelisa izinto ze-semiconductor.Ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zejografi, ishishini le-semiconductor lakwaSirayeli lineempawu ezizodwa: okokuqala, uyilo lwetshiphu;Okwesibini, uninzi lwawo ngamashishini amancinci naphakathi, angenazo izigebenga zengingqi;Okwesithathu kukufumana iindlela phakathi kweTshayina ne-United States kwaye kugxilwe kushishino.

Isizathu soyilo lwe-chip kulula kakhulu ukuyiqonda, ayikwazi ukwenza izitena ngaphandle komququ!Umhlaba wakwaSirayeli awunazo izixhobo, kwaye unokuthembela kuphela kwiingqondo eziqaqambileyo zamaSirayeli ukuba athathe indlela yoyilo oluphezulu.

Uyilo lweChip ngumphefumlo woshishino lwesemiconductor yakwaSirayeli.Ngokwezibalo, u-Israel umalunga ne-8% yetalente yoyilo lwetshiphu yehlabathi kunye nophando kunye neenkampani zophuhliso.Ukongeza, ngo-2021, iinkampani ezingama-37 zezizwe ngezizwe kwaSirayeli zisebenza kushishino lwesemiconductor.

Izityalo zokuvelisa zakwaSirayeli zimbalwa, kodwa azikho.I-Israel ngoku ineeziseko ezihlanu ze-wafer.Kwizixhobo ze-semiconductor, kukho iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kunye neenkampani zasekhaya.

Ke ngoko, ulwakhiwo lwangoku lwetsheyini loshishino lwetshiphu lwakwaSirayeli luqulunqwe ikakhulu ziinkampani zoyilo lwetshiphu ezingenantsonkothile, amaziko ophando kunye nophuhliso lweenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, iinkampani zezixhobo zesemiconductor kunye neefektri ezimbalwa ezisicaba.

Nangona kunjalo, zininzi kangaka izigebenga ezikudidi lwakwaSirayeli, kutheni uSirayeli engekazalwa isigebenga esinje?

Okuninzi koku kunento yokwenza nendlela amashishini akwaSirayeli asetyenziswa ngayo ukusebenza.

I-Israel lilizwe elinorhwebo oluphezulu.Ngaphezulu kwe-7,000 yeenkampani zetekhnoloji ezintsha, i-Israel ineyona ndawo iphezulu yokuqalisa emhlabeni, ilingana nomrhwebi om-1 kumntu ngamnye we-1,400, kwaye umlinganiselo wokuqalisa umntu ngamnye awunakuphikiswa.

Kumzi-mveliso we-semiconductor, ngo-2020, u-Israyeli wabeka kwindawo yesibini kwihlabathi ngokwenani le-semiconductor yokuqala, emva kwe-United States.

Ngenxa yokuba bathanda ukuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha kunye "neendlela ezintsha" kakhulu, i-semiconductor elite kwa-Israeli baye baseka iinkampani zabo ze-semiconductor, bejonga iingxilimbela ezininzi ze-chip zendawo, ukuba zingabi okanye zidlule, kodwa ukuze zizuze!

Ngoko ke, indlela yeenkampani ezininzi ze-semiconductor zakwa-Israeli zifana nale: misela isiqalo - ukuphumelela kwintsimi - efunyenwe yi-giant - qalisa umjikelo olandelayo woshishino.

Ngesi sizathu, uninzi lwamakhulu eenkampani zakwaSirayeli eziqalayo zigxile kubuchwephesha bokupholisha endaweni yeshishini kunye nokusebenza.

Kwakhona, jonga ngakumbi kwimarike ye-semiconductor kwaSirayeli.Inkumbuloyenza esona sabelo sikhulu semakethi ye-semiconductor yakwaSirayeli, ilandelwa nguulawulo lwamandla ics, iitshiphusi ezinengqondo, KwiSiboniso seSkrini, kunyechips analog.

Imarike enkulu yee-semiconductors kwaSirayeli kukusetyenzwa kwedatha, ilandelwa lunxibelelwano, ishishini, i-elektroniki yabathengi kunyeukuqhuba ngokuzimeleyo.

Emva kokufumana indlela yayo, i-semiconductor yakwaSirayeli ikhule ngokuqhubekayo minyaka yonke, kwaye kulindeleke ukuba ingeniso yemarike ye-semiconductor yase-Israel ingafikelela kwi-1.14 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwi-2023. Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba i-China iyona marike enkulu yabathengi kwi-semiconductors yase-Israel.

Ngo-2018, xa umdlalo we-Sino-US waqhambuka, ukuthunyelwa kwe-semiconductor yakwaSirayeli ukuya e-China kwanda ngokuthe ngqo ngama-80%, kwaye i-semiconductors ngokukhawuleza yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yobudlelwane bezoqoqosho phakathi kweChina kunye noSirayeli, kwaye idatha yamva nje ibonisa ukuba i-China iseyeyona inkulu. Umrhwebi weetshiphusi zakwaSirayeli ngo-2021.

03. I-Israel inetalente eyaneleyo kunye nemali yokuxhasa i-Israel Semiconductor

“Iimeko” zakwaSirayeli zimbi kakhulu, kwakutheni ukuze uSirayeli akhule abe bubukumkani obungenasiphelo?

Impendulo emfutshane yile: ityebile kwaye idibene kakuhle.

Nokuba ngowuphi umgca womsebenzi.I-Capital isoloko iyinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwamashishini, ngakumbi kwishishini le-semiconductor.

I-Semiconductor yishishini elifuna ukuqhubeka nokutshisa imali, kwaye ukuphosa imali eninzi akuyomfuneko ukuba ibe nemiphumo, i-high-return-return and high-risk industry.Iinkampani zokuqala ze-semiconductor zifuna ukusinda, akulula, impazamo inokuchithwa, izinga lokunyamezela impazamo liphantsi kakhulu.

Kweli nqanaba, indima ye-venture capital ibaluleke kakhulu.I-Venture capital ibhekisa kutyalo-mali lwabatyali-mali abanamandla emali ukuxhasa oosomashishini abanobuchwephesha obukhethekileyo kunye nethemba lophuhliso lwemakethi elungileyo, kodwa ukunqongophala kwemali yokuqalisa, kunye nokuthwala umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kotyalo-mali kwinqanaba lokuqala.

Ukuqala kwenzululwazi yehlabathi kunye nobuchwepheshe - iSilicon Valley, isitshixo kwimpumelelo yayo yinkqubo yendalo eyinkunzi yemali esele ikhulile, ephucula kakhulu izinga lokunyamezela iimpazamo kwiinkampani eziqalayo, kwaye ibonelele ngekhusi kwiinkampani eziqalayo.

Kwaye iTel Aviv, ikomkhulu lakwaSirayeli, njengendawo yokuqokelelwa kwenkunzi yeshishini, inomgangatho ophezulu womsebenzi wokuhamba konxibelelwano lwetekhnoloji (ukuhamba kweprojekthi ye-ecology entsha), okwesibini emva kweSilicon Valley.Ngokutsho kwengxelo, i-11 ipesenti yotyalo-mali lwe-VC yehlabathi kwi-Industry 4.0 yaya kwiinkampani zakwa-Israel.Ngo-2021, isixa semali eyinkunzi yemali etyalwe kwaSirayeli yafikelela kwi-10.8 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, amaxesha angama-28 aphinda-phinda eUnited States, kunye nesixa semali eyinkunzi etyalwe kwaSirayeli ngo-2022, ngaphandle kokuhla, yafikelela kwi-8.1 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.

Ukongeza ekungeneni kwemali eyinkunzi, urhulumente wase-Israel ukwabonelele ngemithetho yokhuseleko kunye nenkxaso-mali yokuqalisa.

Emva phayaa ngowe-1984, uSirayeli wapasisa uMthetho woKhuthazo loPhando lwezoShishino noPhuhliso, okanye “uMthetho weR&D.”

Ngaphantsi kwalo mthetho, iiprojekthi ze-R&D ezivunyiweyo ze-OCS ezihlangabezana nemigaqo ethile kwaye zivunywe yi-Ofisi yeNzululwazi eyiNtloko zifanelekile ukuba zifumane inkxaso-mali ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50 yepesenti yenkcitho evunyiweyo.Ngotshintshiselwano, umamkeli kufuneka ahlawule ii-royalties ze-OCS.Umamkeli kufuneka angenise iingxelo zamaxesha athile malunga neeroyalties ezihlawulwa kwi-OCS, enelungelo lokuhlola iincwadi zomamkeli.

Ngokumalunga nerhafu, u-Israel ukwanika imigaqo-nkqubo ekhethwayo kumashishini akumgangatho ophezulu.Ngowe-1985, irhafu yenkampani yakwaSirayeli yayingama-61 ekhulwini;ngo-2022, yehle yaya kutsho kuma-23 ekhulwini.I-Israel nayo inoMthetho okhethekileyo wee-Angles obonelela ngenkuthazo yerhafu kubatyali-mali babucala kwiinkampani eziselula, ngakumbi abo banobuchule bophando kunye nophuhliso.

I-Israel inemithetho yokukhuthaza i-R&D kunye nokutsha, kunye nokubeka iliso apho imali ichithwa khona kunye neziphumo zeeprojekthi.Nika imali ngesisa, imali inokuphinda isetyenziswe kumda wemela, yenza kabini umphumo.

Uncedo lukarhulumente “olunesisa” kunye neshishini elikhulu lemali yeshishini lenza iinkampani zakwa-Israeli ze-semiconductor “zisebenze ngokwezimali.”

Ukongeza kwimali, umntu kufuneka ayenze.

Ngaphezu kwama-70 ekhulwini abemi bakwaSirayeli ngamaYuda.Xa kuziwa kumaYuda, "i-stereotype" yobukrelekrele bawo obuphezulu ivela ngokukhawuleza.

Kunzima ukutsho ukuba ngaba amaYuda abaluleke kakhulu ngokwemfuza, kodwa kuyinyani ukuba anabantu abaninzi abafundileyo.

Ngokutsho kwedatha, abaphandi bezenzululwazi bakwaSirayeli benza i-6% yabemi belizwe, izazinzulu ze-135 kunye neenjineli kwi-10,000 yabantu, ngaphezu kwe-United States yabantu abangama-85, umlinganiselo wokuqala wehlabathi.I-77% yamaSirayeli aneminyaka engaphezu kwe-12 yemfundo, i-20% yabemi inesidanga saseyunivesithi, kwaye kukho phantse i-200,000 yabafundi beekholeji kweli lizwe.

Ngaphandle kokuxabisa iitalente ezininzi zomthonyama eziveliswa yimfundo, uSirayeli ukwafumana inani elikhulu labaphambukeli abafunde kakhulu.

AmaYuda ane "iphupha labo lokubuyisela" elikhethekileyo, ngoko emva kokusekwa kukaSirayeli wabhengeza "uMthetho wokuBuyisa", oko kukuthi, nawuphi na umYuda emhlabeni xa sele efudukela kwaSirayeli, unokufumana ubumi bakwaSirayeli.

Abaphambukeli abangamaYuda abavela kumazwe ahambele phambili kunye ne-Soviet Union yangaphambili yeza inzululwazi kunye neteknoloji eninzi kwaSirayeli, eyadlala indima enkulu kwi-innovation yase-Israel.Aba bafuduki ngokubanzi banenqanaba eliphezulu lemfundo, kukho iinjineli ezininzi ezigqwesileyo, ezi talente zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso loshishino oluphezulu lwakwaSirayeli.

04. Isishwankathelo

Ummandla wamandulo wakwaKanan, ‘iLizwe Ledinga’ lasentsomini, noSirayeli wokwenene, phantse ‘wawungenanto.

KuMbindi Mpuma, ekuyo yonke intlango, i-Israel, enezinto ezintsha, imali eyinkunzi kunye nezinye izicwangciso, izenzele izinto ezingalunganga zendalo kunye neziphene zokuzalwa, kwaye ibe yingqwalasela yeshishini le-semiconductor yehlabathi ngexesha elifutshane.Kucacile ukuba “intsomi” yodidi lukaSirayeli ayilodinga likaThixo, kodwa ngamawaka kaMoses nenzala yakhe.