I-IWR6843ARQGALPR isitokhwe esitsha kunye nentsusa yezixhobo ze-elektroniki eziDityanisiweyo zeeSekethe eziMicrocontroller IC Chips

Uhambo lweSilicon ukuya phezulu
Iphulo elingaphumelelanga: Kuthiwa uShockley wabona ithuba elikhulu lemarike ngexesha apho kwakungekho mntu wayephumelele ukwenza i-silicon transistor;yiyo loo nto wayishiyayo iBell Labs ngo-1956 ukuze aqale eyakhe inkampani eCalifornia.Ngelishwa, uShockley wayengengosomashishini ulungileyo kwaye ulawulo lweshishini lakhe yayilinyathelo lobudenge xa ​​lithelekiswa nezakhono zakhe zemfundo.Ngoko ke uShockley akazange azalisekise umnqweno wokutshintsha i-germanium ngesilicon, kwaye inqanaba lobomi bakhe bonke yayiyipodium kwiYunivesithi yaseStanford.Kunyaka emva kokusekwa kwayo, abafana abasibhozo abanetalente awayebaqeshile baphuma kuye bebonke, kwaye "yayingabangcatshi abasibhozo" ababeza kuzalisekisa umnqweno wokutshintsha igermanium ngesilicon.

Ukunyuka kwe-silicon transistor

Phambi kokuba i-Eight Renegades iseke i-Fairchild Semiconductor, i-germanium transistors yayiyeyona ndawo iphambili yentengiso yee-transistors, phantse i-30 yezigidi ze-transistors ezenziwe e-United States ngo-1957, isigidi esinye kuphela se-silicon transistors kunye ne-29 yezigidi ze-germanium transistors.Ngesabelo semarike ye-20%, i-Texas Instruments yaba yingxilimbela kwimarike ye-transistor.

Abona bathengi bakhulu kwimarike, urhulumente wase-US kunye nomkhosi, bafuna ukusebenzisa ii-chips ngamanani amakhulu kwiirokethi kunye nemijukujelwa, ukwandisa umthwalo obalulekileyo wokuqalisa kunye nokuphucula ukuthembeka kweetheminali zokulawula.Kodwa ii-transistors ziyakuvezwa kwiimeko zokusebenza ezinzima ezibangelwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokungcangcazela okunobundlobongela.

I-Germanium yeyokuqala ukulahlekelwa xa kuziwa kwiqondo lokushisa: i-germanium transistors inokumelana namaqondo okushisa angama-80 ° C kuphela, ngelixa iimfuno zomkhosi zisebenza ngokuzinzileyo nakwi-200 ° C.Ekuphela kwento enokumelana nobu bushushu yi-silicon transistor.
I-Sendong yaqulunqa inkqubo yokwenza ii-silicon transistors, izenza zibe lula kwaye zisebenze njengeencwadi eziprintiweyo, kwaye zingabizi kakhulu kune-germanium transistors ngokwexabiso.Inkqubo kaFairchild yokwenza isilicon transistors yayirhabaxa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

Okokuqala, uyilo luzotywa ngesandla, ngamanye amaxesha lukhulu kangangokuba luthatha udonga, emva koko umzobo ufotwe kwaye uncitshiswe ube licwecwe elikhanyayo, elihlala linemizila emibini yamaphepha amathathu, ngalinye limele umaleko wokujikeleza.

Okwesibini, umaleko wezinto ezibuthathaka zokukhanya zisetyenziswa kwisiqwenga se-silicon esisikiweyo nesicolisiweyo, kwaye i-UV / i-laser isetyenziselwa ukukhusela ipateni yesekethe ukusuka kwiphepha le-transillumination ukuya kwi-silicon wafer.

Okwesithathu, iindawo kunye nemigca kwindawo emnyama ye-transillumination sheet ishiya iipateni ezingabonakaliyo kwi-silicon wafer;ezi patheni ezingabonakaliyo zicocwa ngesisombululo se-asidi, kwaye mhlawumbi ukungcola kwe-semiconductor yongezwa (ubuchule bokusabalalisa) okanye ii-conductor zetsimbi zifakwe.

Okwesine, ukuphinda amanyathelo amathathu angentla kwi-wafer nganye eguquguqukayo, inani elikhulu le-transistors linokufumaneka kwii-silicone wafers, ezisikwa ngabasebenzi basetyhini phantsi kwe-microscope kwaye emva koko badityaniswe kwiingcingo, emva koko zipakishwe, zivavanywe, kwaye zithengiswe.

Ngenani elikhulu le-silicon transistors kwimarike, i-Fairchild, eyasekwa yi-Eight Traitors, yayiphakathi kweenkampani ezinokuma ecaleni kweengxilimbela ezinjenge-Texas Instruments.
Umqhubi obalulekileyo - Intel
Yayiyimveliso elandelayo yesekethe edibeneyo eshwankathela ukongamela kwegermanium.Ngelo xesha kwakukho imigca emibini yetekhnoloji, enye yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kwiitshiphusi zegermanium ezivela kwi-Texas Instruments kunye nenye yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo kwii-silicon chips ezivela e-Fairchild.Ekuqaleni, ezi nkampani zimbini zinengxabano ekrakra malunga nobunini belungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo, kodwa kamva i-Ofisi yePatent yaqaphela ubunini belungelo elilodwa lomenzi kwiisekethe ezidibeneyo yinkampani zombini.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko inkqubo kaFairchild yayihambele phambili kakhulu, yaba ngumgangatho weesekethe ezidibeneyo kwaye iyaqhubeka kusetyenziswa namhlanje.Kamva, uNoyce, umqambi wesekethe edibeneyo, kunye noMoore, umqambi woMthetho kaMoore, washiya uCentron Semiconductor, owathi, ngengozi, bobabini babengamalungu "Abangcatshi abaSibhozo".Bekunye noGrove, baseka eyona nkampani ngoku inkulu ye-semiconductor chip-Intel.
Kuphuhliso olulandelayo, i-Intel yatyhala i-silicon chips.Yabetha i-Texas Instruments, i-Motorola, kunye ne-IBM ukuba ibe yinkosi yokugcinwa kwe-semiconductor kunye necandelo le-CPU.

Njengoko i-Intel yaba ngumdlali obalaseleyo kushishino, i-silicon nayo yaphela i-germanium, kwaye into eyayikhe yabizwa ngokuba yiSanta Clara Valley yabizwa ngokuba yi "Silicon Valley".Ukusukela ngoko, iitshiphusi ze-silicon ziye zafana neechips ze-semiconductor kwimbono yoluntu.