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1.Iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo ezenziwe kumphezulu we-semiconductor chip zikwabizwa ngokuba ziisekethe ezidibeneyo zefilimu.Olunye uhlobo lwesekethe edibeneyo yefilimu engqingqwa (i-hybrid integrated circuit) yi-miniaturized circuit equkethe izixhobo ze-semiconductor nganye kunye namacandelo angenayo ahlanganiswe kwi-substrate okanye ibhodi yesekethe.
Ukususela ngowe-1949 ukuya kutsho ngowe-1957, iiprototypes zaveliswa nguWerner Jacobi, uJeffrey Dummer, uSidney Darlington, noYasuo Tarui, kodwa isekethe yale mihla edibeneyo yayilwa nguJack Kilby ngowe-1958.Wawongwa ngeBhaso leNobel kwiFiziksi ngo-2000 ngenxa yoku, kodwa uRobert Noyce, owaphuhlisa isekethe esebenzayo yangoku edibeneyo ngaxeshanye, wasweleka ngo-1990.
Ukulandela ukuveliswa kunye nokuveliswa kobuninzi be-transistor, amacandelo ahlukeneyo e-solid-state semiconductor afana ne-diode kunye ne-transistors asetyenziswe ngamanani amakhulu, atshintshe umsebenzi kunye nendima ye-vacuum tube kwisekethe.Phakathi ukuya ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 inkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji yokuvelisa i-semiconductor yenza ukuba iisekethe ezidityanisiweyo zenzeke.Ngokwahlukileyo kwindibano yezandla yeesekethe kusetyenziswa amacandelo e-elektroniki adityanisiweyo, iisekethe ezidibeneyo zivumela ukuhlanganiswa kwenani elikhulu le-micro-transistors kwi-chip encinci, eyayiyinkqubela enkulu.Ubungakanani bemveliso, ukuthembeka, kunye nendlela eyimodyuli yoyilo lwesekethe yeesekethe ezidityanisiweyo ziqinisekise ukwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza kweesekethe ezidityanisiweyo ezisemgangathweni endaweni yokuyila kusetyenziswa iitransistor ezidityanisiweyo.
I-2.Iisekethe ezidibeneyo zineenzuzo ezimbini eziphambili ngaphezu kwe-discrete transistors: iindleko kunye nokusebenza.Iindleko eziphantsi kukuba iitshiphusi ziprinta onke amacandelo njengeyunithi nge-photolithography, endaweni yokwenza i-transistor enye ngexesha.Ukusebenza okuphezulu kubangelwa amacandelo atshintsha ngokukhawuleza kwaye asebenzise amandla amancinci ngenxa yokuba amacandelo amancinci kwaye asondelene.Ngo-2006 wabona iindawo zetshiphu ukusuka kwiimilimitha ezimbalwa ukuya kwi-350 mm² kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwisigidi seetransistors ngemm².
Iprototype yesekethe edibeneyo yagqitywa nguJack Kilby ngo-1958 kwaye yayiquka i-bipolar transistor, i-resistors ezintathu, kunye ne-capacitor.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani lezixhobo ze-microelectronic ezidityanisiweyo kwi-chip, iisekethe ezidibeneyo zingahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo alandelayo.
IiSekethe eziDityanisiweyo eziNcinci (SSI) zineengcango ze-logic ezingaphantsi kwe-10 okanye i-100 transistors.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Medium Scale (MSI) ine-11 ukuya kwi-100 yamasango e-logic okanye i-101 ukuya kwi-1k transistors.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Scale Scale enkulu (LSI) 101 ukuya kwi-1k yamasango e-logic okanye i-1,001 ukuya kwi-10k transistors.
Ukuhlanganiswa komlinganiselo omkhulu (VLSI) 1,001~10k amasango engqiqo okanye i-10,001 ~ 100k ii-transistors.
I-Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) 10,001~1M amasango engqiqo okanye 100,001~10M iitransistors.
I-GLSI (i-Giga Scale Integration) I-1,000,001 okanye amasango e-logic ngaphezulu okanye i-10,000,001 okanye ngaphezulu kwee-transistors.
3.Uphuhliso lweesekethe ezidibeneyo
Iisekethe eziphambili kakhulu ezidityanisiweyo zikwintliziyo yee-microprocessors okanye iiprosesa ezininzi ezinokulawula yonke into ukusuka kwiikhompyuter ukuya kwiiselfowuni ukuya kwii-oveni ze-microwave zedijithali.Ngelixa iindleko zokuyila kunye nokuphuhlisa isekethe edibeneyo edibeneyo iphezulu kakhulu, iindleko zesekethe edibeneyo ziyancitshiswa xa zisasazeka kwiimveliso ezihlala zilinganiswa kwizigidi.Ukusebenza kwee-ICs kuphezulu ngenxa yokuba ubungakanani obuncinci buphumela kwiindlela ezimfutshane, ezivumela ukuba iisekethe eziphantsi kwamandla aphantsi ukuba zisetyenziswe kwizantya zokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza.
Ukutyhubela iminyaka, ndiye ndaqhubeka ndisiya kwicala leefom ezincinci, ndivumela iisekethe ezininzi ukuba zipakishwe ngechip nganye.Oku kwandisa umthamo weyunithi yendawo nganye, okuvumela iindleko eziphantsi kunye nokusebenza okwandisiweyo, jonga uMthetho we-Moore, apho inani le-transistors kwi-IC liphindaphinda kabini kwiminyaka eyi-1.5.Isishwankathelo, phantse zonke iimethrikhi ziyaphucuka njengoko izinto zefom ziyancipha, iindleko zeyunithi kunye nokutshintsha kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwehla, kunye nezantya zonyuka.Nangona kunjalo, kukwakho iingxaki ngee-ICs ezidibanisa izixhobo ze-nanoscale, ikakhulu imisinga yokuvuza.Ngenxa yoko, ukwanda kwesantya kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kubonakala kakhulu kumsebenzisi wokugqibela, kwaye abavelisi bajongene nomngeni onzima wokusebenzisa ijometri engcono.Le nkqubo kunye nenkqubela phambili elindelekileyo kwiminyaka ezayo ichazwe kakuhle kwindlela ye-teknoloji yamazwe ngamazwe ye-semiconductors.
Isiqingatha senkulungwane kuphela emva kophuhliso lwabo, iisekethe ezidibeneyo zaba yinto yonke kwaye iikhompyuter, iiselfowuni, kunye nezinye izixhobo zedijithali zaba yinxalenye yelaphu lentlalontle.Oku kungenxa yokuba iinkqubo zale mihla zekhompyutha, unxibelelwano, ukuvelisa, nezothutho, kuquka i-Intanethi, zonke zixhomekeke kubukho beesekethe ezidibeneyo.Abaphengululi abaninzi bade bacinge ukuba i-digital revolution eyenziwe yi-IC ibe sesona siganeko sibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, kwaye ukuvuthwa kwe-IC kuya kukhokelela ekuqhumeni okukhulu phambili kwezobuchwepheshe, zombini ngokubhekiselele kubuchule bokuyila kunye nokuphumelela kwiinkqubo ze-semiconductor. , zombini ezi zinto zinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo.