Isekethe entsha kunye neyoqobo XC5VFX30T-2FFG665I eDityanisiweyo

Iimpawu zeMveliso

Ingxelo ngempazamo yoLwazi lweMveliso

Jonga okufanayo

Amaxwebhu & nemidiya

Ulwahlulo lokusiNgqongileyo nokuThunyela ngaphandle

Uluhlu lwesango olunocwangciso

AUluhlu lwesango olucwangcisekileyo(FPGA) yiisekethe edibeneyoyenzelwe ukuba iqwalaselwe ngumthengi okanye umyili emva kokwenziwa kwemveliso - kungoko igamaintsimi-iyacwangciswa.Uqwalaselo lweFPGA lukhankanywa gabalala kusetyenziswa iulwimi lwengcaciso yehardware(HDL), efana naleyo isetyenziselwa iisicelo-specific isekethe edibeneyo(ASIC).Imizobo yesekethebezisetyenziswa ngaphambili ukukhankanya uqwalaselo, kodwa oku kuya kunqabile ngenxa yokuvela kweUyilo lwe-elektroniki oluzenzekelayoizixhobo.

IiFPGA ziqulathe uluhlu lweiyacwangciseka iibhloko zengqiqo, kunye noluhlu lwemigangatho yoqhagamshelo oluphinda luqwalaselwe evumela iibhloko ukuba zidityaniswe kunye.Iibhloko zengqiqo zinokuqwalaselwa ukuba zenze izinto ezinzimaimisebenzi edibeneyo, okanye wenze njengento elulaamasango engqiqonjengayeKUNYEkwayeXOR.KwiiFPGA ezininzi, iibhloko zengqiqo zikwabandakanyaizinto zenkumbulo, enokuba lulaiiflopsiokanye iibhloko ezipheleleyo zememori.^[1]IiFPGA ezininzi zinokuphinda zicwangciselwe ukuphumeza okwahlukileyoimisebenzi logic, ukuvumela ukuba bhetyebhetyeicomputing enokuphinda iqwalaselwenjengoko yenziwe kwiisoftware yekhompyuter.

Ii-FPGA zinendima ephawulekayoinkqubo elungisiweyouphuhliso ngenxa yesakhono sabo sokuqalisa uphuhliso lwesoftware yenkqubo ngaxeshanye kunye nehardware, vumela ukulinganisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo kwinqanaba lokuqala lophuhliso, kwaye uvumele izilingo zenkqubo ezahlukeneyo kunye noyilo oluphindaphindayo phambi kokugqibezela uyilo lwenkqubo.^[2]

Imbali[hlela]

Ishishini leFPGA lihlume ukusukainkumbulo efundekayo ecwangcisiweyo(PROM) kunyeizixhobo ezicwangcisekileyo(ii-PLDs).Ii-PROM kunye nee-PLD zombini zinenketho yokucwangciswa kwiibhetshi kwifektri okanye kwintsimi (i-field-programmable).^[3]

Alterayasekwa ngo-1983 kwaye yanikezela ngesixhobo sokuqala esinokuhlelwa kwakhona kwishishini ngo-1984 - i-EP300 - eyayibonisa ifestile yequartz kwiphakheji eyayivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bakhanyise isibane se-ultra-violet kwifa ukuze bacimeI-EPROMiiseli ezibambe ulungelelwaniso lwesixhobo.^[4]

Xilinxivelise indawo yokuqala yorhwebo enokucwangciswauluhlu lwesangongowe-1985^[3]– XC2064.^[5]I-XC2064 yayinamasango acwangcisiweyo kunye nokudibanisa okucwangcisiweyo phakathi kwamasango, ukuqala kobuchwepheshe obutsha kunye nemarike.^[6]I-XC2064 yayineebhloko ezingama-64 eziqwalaselweyo (CLBs), ezineegalelo ezimbini ezithathu.iitafile zokujonga(LUTs).^[7]

Ngowe-1987, iIziko leMfazwe yoMphezulu woLwandleinike inkxaso-mali kuvavanyo olucetyiswe nguSteve Casselman lokuphuhlisa ikhompyutha eya kuphumeza i-600,000 yamasango alungelelanisiweyo.UCasselman waphumelela kwaye ipatent enxulumene nenkqubo yakhutshwa ngo-1992.^[3]

I-Altera kunye ne-Xilinx ziqhubekile zingenamkhethe kwaye zakhula ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-1985 ukuya phakathi koo-1990 xa abakhuphisana nabo bahluma, batshabalalisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yesabelo sabo semarike.Ngo-1993, uActel (ngokuMicrosemi) ibisebenza malunga neepesenti ezili-18 zemarike.^[6]

Iminyaka yoo-1990 yayilixesha lokukhula ngokukhawuleza kweeFPGAs, zombini kubunzulu besekethe kunye nomthamo wemveliso.Ekuqaleni koo-1990, iiFPGA zazisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwiuthungelwano ngomnxebakwayeuthungelwano.Ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi, ii-FPGAs zafumana indlela yazo kubathengi, kwiimoto, nakwizicelo zemizi-mveliso.^[8]

Ngo-2013, i-Altera (ipesenti ezingama-31), i-Actel (ipesenti ze-10) kunye ne-Xilinx (i-36 yeepesenti) kunye zimele malunga neepesenti ze-77 zemarike ye-FPGA.^[9]

Iinkampani ezinje ngoMicrosoft ziqalisile ukusebenzisa iiFPGAs ukukhawulezisa ukusebenza okuphezulu, iinkqubo zekhompyutha (ezifana neamaziko dataezisebenza zaboInjini yokukhangela ye-Bing), ngenxa yeukusebenza ngewatt nganyeinzuzo yeFPGAs inikezela.^[10]UMicrosoft waqala ukusebenzisa iiFPGAs ukukhawulezisaI-Bing ngo-2014, kwaye ngo-2018 yaqala ukuthumela ii-FPGAs kulo lonke olunye uxanduva lweziko ledatha yabo.Azure ukhomyutha yamafuiqonga.^[11]

La maxesha alandelayo abonisa inkqubela kwimiba eyahlukeneyo yoyilo lweFPGA:

Amasango

• Ngowe-1987: Amasango angama-9 000, iXilinx^[6]
• Ngowe-1992: abangama-600 000, iSebe leMfazwe yaseLwandle^[3]
• Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000: izigidi^[8]
• 2013: 50 million, Xilinx^[12]

Ubungakanani bemarike

• 1985: I-FPGA yokuqala yorhwebo : Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: I-14 lezigidi zeedola^[6]
• c.1993: > $385 yezigidi^{[6][ukuqinisekiswa kusilele]}
• 2005: $ 1.9 billion^[13]
• 2010 uqikelelo: $2.75 billion^[13]
• 2013: $ 5.4 billion^[14]
• 2020 uqikelelo: $9.8 billion^[14]

Uyilo luyaqala

Aisiqalo soyiloluyilo olutsha olulungiselelwe ukuphunyezwa kwiFPGA.

• 2005: 80,000^[15]
• 2008: 90,000^[16]

Yila[hlela]

IiFPGA zangoku zinezibonelelo ezinkulu zeamasango engqiqokunye neebhloko ze-RAM ukuphumeza izibalo ezintsonkothileyo zedijithali.Njengoko uyilo lweFPGA lusebenzisa ireyithi ye-I/O ekhawulezayo kunye nedatha ye-bidirectionaliibhasi, kuba ngumceli mngeni ukuqinisekisa ixesha elichanekileyo ledatha esebenzayo ngexesha lokucwangcisa kunye nexesha lokubamba.

Ukucwangcisa umgangathoyenza ulwabiwo lwezibonelelo ngaphakathi kweFPGAs ukuhlangabezana nale miqobo yexesha.IiFPGAs zingasetyenziselwa ukuphumeza nawuphi na umsebenzi onengqondo onokuthi iI-ASICuyakwazi ukwenza.Ukukwazi ukuhlaziya ukusebenza emva kokuthunyelwa,uhlengahlengiso oluyinxenyeyenxenye yoyilo^[17]kunye neendleko zobunjineli ezisezantsi ezingaphindi ziphindeke ngokumalunga noyilo lwe-ASIC (nangona ixabiso leyunithi liphezulu ngokubanzi), zibonelela ngeenzuzo kwizicelo ezininzi.^[1]

Ezinye ii-FPGA zineempawu ze-analog ukongeza kwimisebenzi yedijithali.Olona phawu luqhelekileyo lwe-analog lunokucwangciswaizinga lokubulalakwisikhonkwane ngasinye sesiphumo, esivumela injineli ukuba ibeke amaxabiso aphantsi kwizikhonkwane ezilayishwe kancinci ezinokuthi ngenye indlelaumsesaneokanyeisibiningokungamkelekiyo, kunye nokubeka amazinga aphezulu kwizikhonkwane ezilayishwe kakhulu kwiitshaneli ezinesantya esiphezulu ebenokuthi ngenye indlela zihambe ngokucotha kakhulu.^[18][19]Kwakhona zixhaphakile iquartz-iioscillators zekristale, kwi-chip resistance-capacitance oscillators, kunyeiilophu ezitshixiwe ngesigabange ezinzisiweyoii-oscillators ezilawulwa ngamandla ombaneisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa iwotshi kunye nolawulo kunye nesantya esiphezulu se-serializer-deserializer (SERDES) yokuhambisa iiwotshi kunye nokubuyisela iwotshi yomamkeli.Ziqhelekile ngokufanelekileyo ziyahlukaabathelekisikwizikhonkwane zongeniso eziyilelwe ukudityaniswaumqondiso umahlukoimijelo.Ezimbalwa "uphawu oluxubileyoIi-FPGA” zine-peripheral edibeneyoabaguquli be-analog ukuya kwidijithali(ADCs) kunyeabaguquli bedijithali ukuya kwi-analog(DACs) kunye neebhloko zesignali ye-analog ezivumela ukuba zisebenze njengeinkqubo-kwi-a-chip(SoC).^[20]Ezo zixhobo zenza mfiliba umgca phakathi kweFPGA, ethwala ezedijithali kunye noziro kwilaphu layo langaphakathi elinonxibelelwano olunokucwangciswa, kunyeUluhlu lwe-analog enokucwangciswa entsimini(FPAA), ethwala amaxabiso e-analog kwilaphu layo langaphakathi elinokucwangciswa loqhagamshelo.