01 Imbali yokukhula kwe-MCU
I-MCU, i-microcontroller, inegama elaziwayo: i-single-chip microcomputer.
Eyona ndawo imnandi kakhulu kukuhambisa iseti yesiseko senkqubo yekhompyuter kwitshiphu, kubandakanya noguqulelo lwangaphakathi lwe-CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial port, nangona intsebenzo ngokuqinisekileyo ayibanzi njengekhompyuter, kodwa inamandla aphantsi anokucwangciswa kwaye bhetyebhetye, ngoko kubathengi be-elektroniki, unxibelelwano kwishishini lezonyango Iimoto zinoluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezicelo.
Yazalwa ngo-1971, i-Intel yenzelwe i-microprocessor yokuqala yehlabathi - inani le-4004 4-bit chip, le chip idibanisa ngaphezu kwe-2,000 transistors, kunye ne-Intel nayo yenzelwe i-4001, i-4002, i-4003 chips, i-RAM, i-ROM kunye neerejista.
Xa ezi mveliso zine zaya kwintengiso, i-Intel yabhala kwisibhengezo "Yazisa ixesha elitsha leesekethe ezidityanisiweyo: ii-microcomputers zifakwe kwi-chip enye."Ngelo xesha, iikhomputha ezincinci kunye ne-mainframes yayiyi-8-bit kunye ne-16-bit processors, ngoko i-Intel ngokukhawuleza yasungula i-8-bit microprocessor 8008 ngo-1972 ukuphumelela ngokukhawuleza imarike, ivula ixesha le-microcomputers enye.
Ngo-1976, i-Intel yasungula isilawuli sokuqala se-microcomputer esicwangcisiweyo se-8748, esidibanisa i-8-bit CPU, i-8-bit parallel I / O, i-8-bit counter, i-RAM, i-ROM, njl., enokuthi ihlangabezane neemfuno zolawulo lwamashishini ngokubanzi kunye i-instrumentation, emelwe yi-8748, ivula ukuhlolwa kwee-microcomputers ze-single-chip kwindawo yoshishino.
Kwiminyaka ye-1980, i-8-bit single-chip microcomputers yaqala ukukhula ngakumbi, i-RAM kunye nomthamo we-ROM wanda, ngokubanzi kunye nojongano lwe-serial, iinkqubo zokuphazamiseka kwamanqanaba amaninzi, izixhobo ezininzi ze-16-bit, njl. Ngo-1983, i-Intel yasungula i-MCS. -96 uchungechunge lwe-16-bit high-performance microcontrollers, kunye ne-120,000 i-transistors edibeneyo.
Ukususela ngo-1990, i-microcomputer ye-single-chip ingene kwinqanaba lezikolo ezilikhulu zokucinga, ekusebenzeni, isantya, ukuthembeka, ukudibanisa kwi-bloom epheleleyo, ngokwenani leebhithi zebhasi okanye iirejista zedatha, ukusuka kwi-bits yokuqala ye-4. iphuhliswe kancinane, nge-8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit kunye ne-64-bit enye-chip microcomputers.
Okwangoku, iseti yomyalelo we-MCUs yahlulwe kakhulu kwi-CISC kunye ne-RISC, kwaye i-architecture engundoqo i-ARM Cortex, i-Intel 8051 kunye ne-RISC-V.
Ngokutsho kwe-2020 ye-2020 ye-China General Microcontroller (MCU) Isishwankathelo seMarike, iimveliso ze-32-bit ze-MCU zifikelela kwi-55% yemarike, ilandelwa yimveliso ye-8-bit, i-accounting ye-43%, i-4-bit yeemveliso ezibalelwa kwi-2%, i-16. -Iimveliso ze-bit ezibalelwa kwi-1%, kunokubonwa ukuba iimveliso eziqhelekileyo kwiimarike ziyi-32-bit kunye ne-8-bit MCUs, kwaye indawo yemarike yeemveliso ze-MCU ze-16 ziye zaxilwa kakhulu.
Iimveliso ze-CISC zemiyalelo yeemveliso ezibalelwa kwi-24% yemarike, i-RISC imiyalelo yeemveliso ezibekwe kwi-76% yeemveliso eziqhelekileyo zemarike;Iimveliso eziphambili ze-Intel 8051 zibalelwa kwi-22% yemarike, ilandelwa yi-ARM Cortex-M0 yeemveliso, i-20%, iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M3 zibalelwa kwi-14%, iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M4 zibalelwa kwi-12%, iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M0+ ibalwa kwi-5%, iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M23 zibalelwa kwi-1%, iimveliso eziphambili zeRISC-V zibalwa kwi-1%, kwaye ezinye zibalelwa kwi-24%.Iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M0 + zibalelwa kwi-5%, iimveliso ze-ARM Cortex-M23 zibalwa kwi-1%, iimveliso eziphambili ze-RISC-V zibalwa kwi-1%, kwaye ezinye zibalelwa kwi-24%.Lilonke, i-ARM Cortex series cores akhawunti ye-52% yemarike yesiqhelo.
Imarike ye-MCU ijongene nokuhla kwexabiso okubalulekileyo kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo, kodwa ixabiso layo eliqhelekileyo lokuthengisa (ASP) liyehla liye lacotha kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo.Emva kokufumana ukuhla kweshishini leemoto, ubuthathaka boqoqosho lwehlabathi, kunye nengxaki yobhubhane, imakethi ye-MCU yaqala ukubuyela kwakhona ngo-2020. Ngokutsho kwe-IC Insights, ukuthunyelwa kwe-MCU kunyuke nge-8% ngo-2020, kwaye ukuthunyelwa okupheleleyo kwe-MCU ngo-2021 kunyuke ukuya kutsho. I-12%, irekhodi eliphezulu le-30.9 yezigidigidi, ngelixa i-ASPs nayo iphakame i-10%, ukwanda okuphezulu kwiminyaka eyi-25.
I-IC Insights ilindele ukuba ukuthunyelwa kwe-MCU kufike kwi-35.8 yeebhiliyoni zeeyunithi kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, kunye nentengiso epheleleyo ye-27.2 yeebhiliyoni zeedola.Kwezi, ukuthengiswa kwe-32-bit ye-MCU kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-20 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kunye nezinga lokukhula ngonyaka elihlanganisiweyo ye-9.4%, i-16-bit MCUs kulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-4.7 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, kwaye i-4-bit MCUs ayilindelekanga ukuba ibonise ukukhula.
02 Imoto ye-MCU iphambene
I-Automotive electronics yeyona nto inkulu yokusetyenziswa kwee-MCUs.I-IC Insights ilindele ukuba intengiso ye-MCU yehlabathi ikhule nge-10% ukuya kwirekhodi yeedola ezingama-21.5 eebhiliyoni ngo-2022, kunye nee-MCU zeemoto ezikhula ngakumbi kunezinye iimarike ezininzi.
Ngaphezulu kwe-40% yeentengiso ze-MCU zivela kwi-elektroniki yeemoto, kwaye ukuthengiswa kweemoto ze-MCU kulindeleke ukuba kukhule kwi-CAGR ye-7.7% kule minyaka mihlanu izayo, idlula ii-MCU zenjongo jikelele (7.3%).
Okwangoku, ii-MCU zeemoto zizii-8-bit, i-16-bit kunye ne-32-bit, kunye namasuntswana ahlukeneyo e-MCUs adlala imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo.
Ngokukodwa:
I-8-bit ye-MCU isetyenziselwa ikakhulu kwimisebenzi yolawulo olusisiseko, njengolawulo lwezihlalo, i-air conditioners, abalandeli, iifestile, kunye neemodyuli zokulawula umnyango.
I-16-bit ye-MCU isetyenziselwa ubukhulu becala kumzimba ophantsi, njenge-injini, i-electronic brake, inkqubo yokunqunyanyiswa kunye nezinye iinkqubo zamandla kunye nokuhanjiswa.
I-32-bit ye-MCU ihambelana nobukrelekrele bemoto kwaye isetyenziswa ikakhulu kwisiphelo esiphezulu sobukrelekrele kunye neemeko ezikhuselekileyo zesicelo ezifana nokuzonwabisa kwe-cockpit, i-ADAS, kunye nokulawula umzimba.
Kweli nqanaba, ii-MCU ze-8-bit ziyakhula ekusebenzeni kunye nomthamo wememori, kunye neendleko zazo ezisebenzayo, zinokuthatha indawo ye-MCU ye-16-bit kwizicelo kwaye zibuyela ngasemva zihambelana ne-4-bit MCUs.I-32-bit ye-MCU iya kudlala indima ebalulekileyo yokulawula i-master master kuyo yonke i-automotive E / E architecture, enokulawula iiyunithi ezine ezihlakazekileyo ezisezantsi kunye ne-middle-range ye-ECU, kwaye inani lokusetyenziswa liya kuqhubeka nokunyuka.
Le meko ingentla yenza i-16-bit MCU kwindawo engathandekiyo, ingabi phezulu kodwa iphantsi, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zesicelo, iseluncedo, njengezinye izicelo eziphambili zeenkqubo ze-powertrain.
Ubukrelekrele bezithuthi bukhulise kakhulu imfuno ye-32-bit MCUs, ngaphezulu kwekota yesithathu yeemoto ze-MCU ezithengiswayo ezivela kwi-32-bit MCUs ngo-2021, ekulindeleke ukuba ifikelele kwi-5.83 yeebhiliyoni zeedola;Ii-MCU ze-16-bit ziza kwenza malunga ne-1.34 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwingeniso;kunye ne-8-bit MCUs iya kuvelisa malunga ne-441 yezigidi zeerandi kwingeniso, ngokutsho kwengxelo kaMcClean.
Kwinqanaba lesicelo, i-infotainment yimeko yesicelo enokunyuka okuphezulu konyaka-enyakeni kwiintengiso ze-MCU zeemoto, kunye nokukhula kwe-59% ngo-2021 xa kuthelekiswa no-2020, kunye ne-20% yokukhula kwengeniso kwiimeko eziseleyo.
Ngoku lonke ulawulo lwe-elektroniki lwemoto ukusebenzisa i-ECU (iyunithi yokulawula i-elektroniki), kwaye i-MCU yeyona nto iphambili yolawulo lwe-chip ECU, i-ECU nganye ine-MCU enye, ngoko ke inqanaba langoku lenguqu kunye nokuphuculwa kombane okrelekrele kwabangela imfuno yombane. Ukusetyenziswa kwemoto enye ye-MCU ukwandisa.
Ngokutsho kwedatha evela kwiSebe loPhando kwiKomiti yeNgcali yeNgcaciso yeeMoto yeZiko leNtengiso yaseChina, inani eliqhelekileyo lee-ECU ezithwalwa ziimoto eziqhelekileyo zamafutha emveli yi-70;inani lee-ECU ezithwalwa ziimoto zamafutha esintu ezinobunewunewu zinokufikelela kwi-150 ngenxa yeemfuneko zokusebenza eziphezulu zezihlalo, ulawulo oluphakathi kunye nolonwabo, uzinzo kunye nokhuseleko lomzimba;kunye nenani eliqhelekileyo le-ECUs ezithwalwa ziimoto ezihlakaniphile zinokufikelela kwi-300 ngenxa yesoftware entsha kunye neemfuno ze-hardware zokuqhuba ngokuzimeleyo kunye nokuncedisa ukuqhuba, okuhambelana nesixa se-MCU esisetyenziswa ziimoto ezingatshatanga nazo ziya kufikelela ngaphezu kwe-300.
Imfuno eyomeleleyo yee-MCUs ezivela kubenzi beemoto ibonakala ngakumbi ngo-2021, xa kukho ukunqongophala kwee-cores ngenxa yobhubhane.Ngaloo nyaka, iinkampani ezininzi zeemoto kuye kwafuneka zivale ngokufutshane imigca yemveliso ngenxa yokunqongophala kwee-cores, kodwa ukuthengiswa kwee-MCU zeemoto kunyuke nge-23% ukuya kwi-7.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, irekhodi eliphezulu.
Uninzi lweetshiphusi zeemoto ziveliswa kusetyenziswa ii-wafers ze-8-intshi, abanye abavelisi abafana ne-TI ukuya kwi-12-intshi yokudlulisa umgca, i-IDM iya kuba yinxalenye yesiseko sokukhupha umthamo, olawulwa yi-MCU, malunga ne-70% yomthamo yi-TSMC. .Nangona kunjalo, ishishini leemoto ngokwalo libalelwa kumlinganiselo omncinci we-TSMC, kwaye i-TSMC igxile kwinkalo yetekhnoloji yenkqubo ye-elektroniki yabathengi, ngenxa yoko imakethi yemoto ye-MCU inqabile.
Ukunqongophala kweetshiphusi zeemoto ezikhokelwa lishishini lonke le-semiconductor kwakhona kungenise amaza okwandisa, iziseko eziphambili kunye nezityalo ze-IDM ukwandisa imveliso ngenkuthalo, kodwa ingqwalasela yahlukile.
Isityalo se-TSMC Kumamoto kulindeleke ukuba siqalise ukusebenza ekupheleni kwe-2024, ngaphezu kwenkqubo ye-22 / 28nm, iya kubonelela ngeenkqubo ze-12 kunye ne-16nm, kwaye isityalo saseNanjing siya kwandisa imveliso ukuya kwi-28nm, kunye nomthamo wenyanga wokuvelisa. Iziqwenga ezingama-40,000;
I-SMIC iceba ukwandisa imveliso ubuncinane ngama-45,000 ama-wafers angama-8-intshi kwaye ubuncinane i-10,000 ye-12-intshi yama-wafers ngo-2021, kunye nokwakha umgca wemveliso we-intshi ye-12 kunye nomthamo wenyanga we-120,000 wafers e-Lingang, egxininisa kwi-28nm nangaphezulu kweendawo zokuhlala.
U-Huahong ulindele ukukhawulezisa ukwandiswa kwe-12-intshi yomthamo wemveliso ukuya kumaqhekeza angama-94,500 ngo-2022;
I-Renesas ibhengeze indima yayo kwi-TSMC ye-Kumamoto plant ngenjongo yokwandisa ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle, kwaye ijolise ekunyuseni unikezelo lwe-MCU yeemoto ngama-50% ngo-2023, kunye nomthamo we-MCU ophezulu okulindeleke ukuba unyuke nge-50% kunye nomthamo ophantsi we-MCU malunga ne-70% xa kuthelekiswa nokuphela kuka-2021.
I-STMicroelectronics iya kutyala i-1.4 yeebhiliyoni zeedola ngo-2022 ukwandisa, kwaye iceba ukuphinda kabini umthamo wezityalo zayo zaseYurophu ngo-2025, ngokukodwa ukunyusa umthamo we-intshi ye-12, kunye nomthamo we-8-intshi, i-STMicroelectronics iya kuphucula ngokukhethayo kwiimveliso ezingadingi i-12- intshi yeteknoloji.
I-Texas Instruments iya kongeza izityalo ezine ezitsha, isityalo sokuqala kulindeleke ukuba siqalise ukusebenza ngo-2025, kwaye izityalo zesithathu nezesine ziya kwakhiwa phakathi kwe-2026 kunye ne-2030;
KWI-Semiconductor inyuse utyalo-mali oluyinkunzi ukuya kwi-12%, ingakumbi kwi-12-intshi yokwandisa umthamo we-wafer.
Ukuqonda kwe-IC kunedatha enomdla yokuba i-ASP yazo zonke i-32-bit MCUs iyancipha kwi-CAGR ye -4.4% unyaka nonyaka phakathi kwe-2015 kunye ne-2020, kodwa inyuka malunga ne-13% ukuya malunga ne-$ 0.72 ngo-2021. Ibonakaliswe kwimarike yendawo. , ukuguquguquka kwexabiso le-MCU yeemoto kubonakala ngakumbi: i-NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH enexabiso elimileyo le-22 ye-$ yanyuka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-550 yeedola, uluhlu lwamaxesha angaphezu kwama-20, eyayiyeyona nto inqabileyo ye-chips yemoto ngelo xesha.
I-Infineon 32-bit yemoto ye-MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC inyuke yaya kutsho kwi-4,500 yuan, ukonyuka kwamaxesha aphantse abe li-100, uthotho olufanayo lwe-SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC nalo linyuke laya kutsho ngaphezulu kwe-yuan eyi-2,000.
Kwelinye icala, i-elektroniki yasekuqaleni eshushu yabathengi yaqala ukuphola, imfuno ebuthathaka, kunye nokukhawuleziswa kokutshintshwa kwasekhaya, ukwenza injongo ngokubanzi, amaxabiso e-MCU abuyele ezantsi, ezinye iimodeli ze-ST ze-chip ezifana ne-F0/F1/F3. amaxabiso series weza kufutshane ixabiso eqhelekileyo, kunye namarhe emarikeni ukuba ixabiso ezinye MCUs ziye zawa ngexabiso arhente.
Nangona kunjalo, ii-MCU zeemoto ezifana neRenesas, NXP, Infineon, kunye ne-ST zisekwimeko yokunqongophala.Umzekelo, ixabiso le-ST's high-performance 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 linyuke laya kutsho kuma-600 yuan ekupheleni konyaka ophelileyo, ngelixa ixabiso layo laliyi-48 yuan kwiminyaka emibini edlulileyo.Ukwanda kwamaxesha angaphezu kwe-10;I-Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC ixabiso lemarike ngo-Okthobha kulo nyaka uphelileyo malunga ne-1200 yeedola, ngoDisemba unikezela ukuya kuthi ga kwi-3800 yeedola, kwaye nakwiiwebhusayithi zomntu wesithathu zibonelela ngaphezulu kwe-5000 yeedola.
03 Imarike inkulu, kwaye imveliso yasekhaya incinci
Indawo yokhuphiswano lwe-MCU ilawulwa zizigebenga zaphesheya njengommandla wonke wokhuphiswano lwe-semiconductor.Ngo-2021, abathengisi abahlanu abaphezulu be-MCU babeyi-NXP, iMicrochip, iRenesas, i-ST, kunye ne-Infineon.Aba bathengisi be-MCU abahlanu babala i-82.1% yentengiso yehlabathi jikelele, xa kuthelekiswa ne-72.2% ngo-2016, kunye nobukhulu beenkampani eziphambili ezikhulayo kwiminyaka ephakathi.
Xa kuthelekiswa nomthengi kunye ne-MCU yoshishino, umda wesatifikethi se-MCU yemoto uphezulu kwaye ixesha lokuqinisekisa lide, inkqubo yoqinisekiso ibandakanya isiqinisekiso esisemgangathweni se-ISO26262, i-AEC-Q001~004 kunye ne-IATF16949 isiqinisekiso esisemgangathweni, i-AEC-Q100/Q104 apho isiqinisekiso se-ISO26 ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lweemoto luhlukaniswe ngamanqanaba amane e-ASIL-A ukuya ku-D. Ngokomzekelo, i-chassis kunye nezinye iimeko zineemfuno eziphezulu zokhuseleko kwaye zifuna ukuqinisekiswa kwezinga le-ASIL-D, abambalwa abavelisi be-chip banokuhlangabezana neemeko.
Ngokwedatha yoHlalutyo lweSicwangciso, imakethi ye-MCU yehlabathi neyasekhaya ilawulwa ikakhulu yi-NXP, iRenesas, i-Infineon, i-Texas Instruments, i-Microchip, enesabelo semarike ye-85%.Nangona ii-MCU ze-32-bit zisalawulwa zizigebenga zaphesheya, ezinye iinkampani zasekhaya ziye zahamba.
04 Isiphelo
Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezithuthi zombane ezikrelekrele, ngoko ke inani labenzi be-chip abathengi baye bajoyina, njengeNvidia, i-Qualcomm, i-Intel ibe kwi-cockpit ekrelekrele, ukuqhubela phambili kwe-chip chip, ukucinezela indawo yokusinda yabenzi be-chip zakudala.Uphuhliso lwe-MCUs yeemoto luphumile ekugxileni ekuziphuhliseni nasekuphuculeni ukusebenza kukhuphiswano olujikelezayo lokunciphisa iindleko ngelixa kugcinwe inzuzo yetekhnoloji.
Ngokwakhiwa kweemoto ze-E / E ukusuka ekuhanjisweni ukuya kulawulo lwesizinda, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuya ekudityanisweni okuphakathi, kuya kubakho imisebenzi emininzi kunye ne-chip elula esezantsi iya kutshintshwa, ukusebenza okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu ekhompyutheni kunye nezinye isiphelo esiphezulu. Iichips ziya kuba lugxininiso lokhuphiswano lwe-chip yemoto yexesha elizayo, njengoko indima ephambili yolawulo lwe-MCU ngokunciphisa inani le-ECU elizayo lincinci, njenge-Tesla chassis control ECU, enye iqulethe i-3-4 MCU, kodwa umsebenzi othile olula i-MCU esisiseko iya kudityaniswa.Lilonke, imarike yee-MCU zeemoto kunye nesithuba sokutshintshwa kwasekhaya kule minyaka izayo ngokungathandabuzekiyo sikhulu.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-01-2023