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I. Yintoni itshiphu

I-chip, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-microcircuit, microchip, okanye i-integrated circuit (IC), yi-silicon chip equlethe isekethe edibeneyo, ehlala incinci ngobukhulu kwaye ihlala iyinxalenye yekhompyutha okanye esinye isixhobo sombane.

Itshiphu ligama eliqhelekileyo lemveliso yecandelo le-semiconductor, umthwali wesekethe ehlangeneyo, eyenziwe ngamaqhekezana.

I-wafer liqhekeza elincinci le-silicon equlethe isekethe edibeneyo eyinxalenye yekhompyutha okanye esinye isixhobo sombane.

II.Yintoni i-semiconductor

I-semiconductor yimpahla eneempawu zokuqhuba phakathi kwezo zomqhubi kunye ne-insulator kwiqondo lokushisa.Ngokomzekelo, i-diode sisixhobo esenziwe kwi-semiconductor.I-semiconductor yinto enokuthi i-conductivity yombane inokulawulwa kwaye inokuvela kwi-insulator ukuya kwi-conductor.

Ukubaluleka kwee-semiconductors kukhulu kakhulu, ngokumalunga nobuchwepheshe kunye nophuhliso loqoqosho.Uninzi lweemveliso ze-elektroniki zanamhlanje, ezinjengeekhompyuter, iiselfowuni, kunye neerekhoda zedijithali, zineeyunithi ezingundoqo ezinxibelelene ngokusondeleyo nee-semiconductors.

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ze-semiconductor ziquka i-silicon, i-germanium, kunye ne-gallium arsenide, kunye ne-silicon ibe yeyona nto inempembelelo kwezorhwebo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ze-semiconductor.

I-matter ikhona ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo - okuqinileyo, ulwelo, igesi, iplasma, njl.

Kwaye iintsimbi ezisebenza ngakumbi njengegolide, isilivere, ubhedu, intsimbi, i-tin, i-aluminiyam, njl.Izinto eziphathekayo eziwela phakathi kwabaqhubi kunye ne-insulators zinokubizwa nje ngokuba yi-semiconductors.

III.Yintoni isekethe edibeneyo

Isekethe edibeneyo (IC) sisixhobo sombane esincinci okanye icandelo.

Ukusebenzisa inkqubo ethile, ii-transistors, resistors, capacitors, kunye ne-inductors ezifunekayo kwisekethe kunye ne-wiring zidibene kunye, zenziwe kwiqhekeza elincinci okanye iincinci ezincinci ze-semiconductor wafers okanye i-dielectric substrates, kwaye emva koko ifakwe kwiqokobhe letyhubhu, ibe microstructure kunye nomsebenzi wesekethe efunekayo.

Zonke izinto ezikuyo zenziwe ngokulungeleleneyo xa zizonke, okwenza izinto ze-elektroniki zibe linyathelo elikhulu lokuya kwi-miniaturization, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi, ubukrelekrele kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu.Imelwe kwisekethe ngoonobumba "IC".

Abaqambi beesekethe ezidibeneyo nguJack Kilby (iisekethe ezidibeneyo ezisekelwe kwi-germanium (Ge)) kunye noRobert Noyes (iisekethe ezidibeneyo ezisekelwe kwi-silicon (Si)).Uninzi lwezicelo kwishishini le-semiconductor namhlanje ziisekethe ezidibeneyo ezisekelwe kwi-silicon.

Isekethe edibeneyo luhlobo olutsha lwesixhobo se-semiconductor esaphuhliswa ekupheleni kwe-1950 kunye ne-1960.

Yinkqubo yokuvelisa i-semiconductor efana ne-oxidation, i-photolithography, i-diffusion, i-epitaxy, kunye ne-evaporation ye-aluminium, edibanisa i-semiconductors, i-resistors, i-capacitors, kunye nezinye izinto ezifunekayo ukwenza isekethe kunye nemisebenzi ethile kunye neengcingo ezidibanisayo phakathi kwazo zonke. isiqwenga esincinci sesilicon, kwaye emva koko sidityaniswe kwaye sifakwe kwi-tube yezindlu zezixhobo zombane.Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokupakisha oonokrwece abanje ngeqokobhe elingqukuva, elisicaba okanye eliphindwe kabini emgceni.

Itekhnoloji yesekethe edibeneyo ibandakanya itekhnoloji yokuvelisa itshiphu kunye noyilo lobuchwephesha, ikakhulu kwizixhobo zokulungisa, itekhnoloji yokucubungula, ukupakishwa kunye novavanyo, imveliso yobuninzi, kunye nokukwazi ukuyila izinto ezintsha.