I-NUC975DK61Y-IiSekethe eziDityanisiweyo, eziFakelweyo, iiMicrocontrollers-NUVOTON Technology Corporation

Inkcazo ye-Microcontroller e-1

Njengoko i-microcontroller iyiyunithi ye-arithmetic logic, imemori, i-timer / calculator, kunye neesekethe ezahlukeneyo / ze-O, njl.njl ezidityaniswe kwichip, ezenza inkqubo esisiseko epheleleyo yekhompyuter, ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-single-chip microcomputer.

Inkqubo kwimemori ye-microcontroller esetyenziswa ngokusondeleyo kunye ne-microcontroller hardware kunye neesekethe ze-hardware ze-peripheral, yahlulwe kwi-software ye-PC, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo ye-microcontroller njenge-firmware.Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-microprocessor yi-CPU kwisekethe enye edibeneyo, ngelixa i-microcontroller i-CPU, i-ROM, i-RAM, i-VO, i-timer, njl. zonke kwisiphaluka esisodwa esidibeneyo.Xa kuthelekiswa ne-CPU, i-microcontroller ayinawo amandla amakhulu ekhompyutheni, kwaye ayinayo iYunithi yeMemoryManaaement, eyenza i-microcontroller ikwazi ukuphatha kuphela ulawulo olulodwa kunye olulula, ingqiqo, kunye neminye imisebenzi, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kulawulo lwezixhobo, ukusetyenzwa kwesignali yenzwa. kunye neminye imimandla, efana nezixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zamashishini, izixhobo zombane, njl.

2 Ukuqulunqwa kwe-microcontroller

I-microcontroller inamacandelo amaninzi: iprosesa ephakathi, imemori, kunye negalelo / imveliso:

-Iprosesa esembindini:

Iprosesa ephakathi iyona nxalenye ephambili ye-MCU, kubandakanywa iindawo ezimbini eziphambili zomqhubi kunye nomlawuli.

-Umqhubi

Umsebenzisi uneyunithi ye-arithmetic & logical unit (ALU), i-accumulator kunye neerejista, njl. njl. Indima ye-ALU kukwenza imisebenzi ye-arithmetic okanye ingqiqo kwidatha engenayo.I-ALU iyakwazi ukongeza, ukukhupha, ukufanisa, okanye ukuthelekisa ubungakanani bezi datha zimbini, kwaye ekugqibeleni igcine isiphumo kwi-accumulator.

Umsebenzisi unemisebenzi emibini:

(1) Ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo ye-arithmetic.

(2) Ukwenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo enengqiqo kunye nokwenza iimvavanyo ezinengqiqo, ezifana novavanyo lwexabiso le-zero okanye ukuthelekiswa kwamaxabiso amabini.

Yonke imisebenzi eyenziwa ngumqhubi ilawulwa yimiqondiso yokulawula evela kumlawuli, kwaye, ngelixa umsebenzi we-arithmetic uvelisa umphumo we-arithmetic, umsebenzi onengqondo uvelisa isigwebo.

-Umlawuli

Umlawuli wenziwa ngekhawuntara yeprogram, irejista yemiyalelo, idikhowuda yomyalelo, ijenereyitha yexesha kunye nesilawuli sokusebenza, njl.njl. "Liqumrhu elithatha izigqibo" elikhupha imiyalelo, okt ukulungelelanisa kunye nokulawula ukusebenza kwayo yonke inkqubo ye-microcomputer.Imisebenzi yayo ephambili yile:

(1) Ukufumana umyalelo kwimemori kwaye ubonise indawo yomyalelo olandelayo kwimemori.

(2) Ukucacisa kunye nokuvavanya umyalelo kunye nokuvelisa isignali yokulawula ukusebenza okuhambelanayo ukuququzelela ukuphunyezwa kwesenzo esichaziweyo.

(3) Yalathisa kwaye ilawula indlela yokuhamba kwedatha phakathi kwe-CPU, imemori, kunye nezixhobo zokufaka kunye nemveliso.

I-microprocessor idibanisa i-ALU, izixhobo zokubala, iirejista kunye necandelo lokulawula ngebhasi yangaphakathi, kwaye idibanisa kwimemori yangaphandle kunye neesekethe ze-interface / i-output interface ngokusebenzisa ibhasi yangaphandle.Ibhasi yangaphandle, ebizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yebhasi, ihlukaniswe kwibhasi yedatha ye-DB, idilesi yebhasi ye-AB kunye nokulawula ibhasi ye-CB, kwaye idibaniswe nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-peripheral ngokusebenzisa i-input/output interface circuit.

-Inkumbulo

Imemori inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: imemori yedatha kunye nememori yeprogram.

Imemori yedatha isetyenziselwa ukugcina idatha kunye nokugcinwa kweprogram kusetyenziselwa ukugcina iinkqubo kunye neeparitha.

-Igalelo / Imveliso -Ukuqhagamshela okanye ukuqhuba izixhobo ezahlukeneyo

Uthotho lonxibelelwano amazibuko-data data phakathi MCU kunye peripherals ezahlukeneyo, ezifana UART, SPI, 12C, njl.

3 Ukuhlelwa kweMicrocontroller

Ngokwenani leebhithi, ii-microcontrollers zingahlelwa zibe: 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, kunye ne-32-bit.Kwiinkqubo ezisebenzayo, i-32-bit ithatha i-55%, i-8-bit iphendula i-43%, i-4-bit akhawunti ye-2%, kunye ne-16-bit i-akhawunti ye-1%.

Ingabonwa ukuba i-32-bit kunye ne-8-bit microcontrollers zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-microcontrollers namhlanje.
Umahluko kwinani lamasuntswana awumeli okulungileyo okanye okubi microprocessors, hayi ukuba phezulu inani lamasuntswana ngcono microprocessor, kwaye hayi ezantsi inani lamasuntswana iba mbi ngakumbi microprocessor.

Ii-MCU ze-8-bit zinezinto ezininzi;banikezela ngenkqubo elula, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamandla kunye nobungakanani bephakheji encinci (ezinye zinezikhonkwane ezintandathu kuphela).Kodwa ezi microcontrollers aziqhelekanga ukusetyenziselwa uthungelwano kunye nemisebenzi yonxibelelwano.

Iiprothokholi zenethiwekhi eziqhelekileyo kunye ne-software yonxibelelwano ziyi-16- okanye i-32-bit.Iiperipherals zonxibelelwano ziyafumaneka kwezinye izixhobo ze-8-bit, kodwa i-16- kunye ne-32-bit MCUs zihlala zilolona khetho olusebenzayo.Nangona kunjalo, ii-MCU ze-8-bit ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kulawulo olwahlukeneyo, ukuva, kunye nosetyenziso lwe-interface.

I-Architecturally, i-microcontrollers ingahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-RISC (i-Instruction Instruction Set Computers) kunye ne-CISC (i-Complex Instruction Set Computers).

I-RISC yi-microprocessor eyenza iindidi ezimbalwa zemiyalelo yekhompyutha kwaye yaqala ngo-1980 kunye ne-MIPS mainframe (oko kukuthi, oomatshini be-RISC), kunye ne-microprocessors esetyenziswa koomatshini be-RISC ngokudibeneyo ebizwa ngokuba yi-RISC processors.Ngale ndlela, iyakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ngesantya esikhawulezayo (izigidi ngezigidi zemiyalelo ngomzuzwana, okanye iMIPS).Kuba iikhompyuter zifuna iitransistors ezongezelelweyo kunye nezinto zesekethe ukwenza uhlobo ngalunye lomyalelo, okukhona isethi yemiyalelo yekhompyuter yenza ukuba i-microprocessor ibe nzima kwaye iqhube imisebenzi kancinane.

I-CISC ibandakanya iseti etyebileyo yemiyalelo emincinci eyenza lula ukuyilwa kweenkqubo ezisebenza kwiprosesa.Imiyalelo yenziwe ngolwimi lwendibano, kwaye eminye imisebenzi eqhelekileyo ekuqaleni iphunyezwe yisoftware iphunyezwa yinkqubo yemiyalelo yehardware endaweni yoko.Umsebenzi womdwelisi wenkqubo uncitshiswe kakhulu, kwaye eminye imisebenzi yodidi oluphantsi okanye imisebenzi icutshungulwa ngaxeshanye kwixesha ngalinye lomyalelo ukunyusa isantya sokwenziwa kwekhompyuter, kwaye le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokufundisa entsonkothileyo.

4 Isishwankathelo

Umceli mngeni onzima kwiinjineli zeemoto zombane zanamhlanje kukwakha ixabiso eliphantsi, elingenazinkathazo, kwaye kwimeko yokusilela kunokusebenza iinkqubo zeemoto, kwindlela yokusebenza kwemoto iphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe okwangoku, ii-microcontrollers kulindeleke ukuba ziphucule ukusebenza. yeeyunithi zolawulo lweemoto zombane.